The Greatness of Forgiveness

The Bible in a Year “For thy name’s sake, O Lord, pardon mine iniquity; for it is great.” (Psalm 25:11) As we journey through Scripture, we repeatedly discover that one of the greatest barriers between humanity and God is not God’s unwillingness to forgive but our unwillingness to acknowledge our need for forgiveness. David’s prayerContinue reading “The Greatness of Forgiveness”

Obedience Before the Storm

The Bible in a Year “The woman arose and did after the saying of the man of God; and she went with her household, and sojourned in the land of the Philistines seven years.” (2 Kings 8:2) One of the clearest marks of spiritual maturity is the willingness to obey God before we understand allContinue reading “Obedience Before the Storm”

The Long Road of Faithful Obedience

The Bible in a Year “The woman arose and did after the saying of the man of God; and she went with her household, and sojourned in the land of the Philistines seven years.” (2 Kings 8:2) As we journey through the Scriptures, we often encounter heroes of faith whose names are not celebrated asContinue reading “The Long Road of Faithful Obedience”

The Prayer That Changes Everything

The Bible in a Year One of the simplest prayers in Scripture may also be one of the most life-changing. Psalm 19:14 records David’s request: “Let the words of my mouth, and the meditation of my heart, be acceptable in thy sight, O Lord, my strength, and my redeemer.” This is more than a prayerContinue reading “The Prayer That Changes Everything”

The Road to Real Happiness

The Bible in a Year Psalm 1 opens the entire book of Psalms with a simple but life-changing question: Who is the truly happy person? The psalmist immediately answers by describing what that person avoids before describing what that person embraces. “Blessed is the man that walks not in the counsel of the ungodly.” TheContinue reading “The Road to Real Happiness”

When God Saves the Best for Last

The Bible in a Year “So the Lord blessed the latter end of Job more than his beginning.” — Job 42:12 There is something deeply comforting about reaching the final chapters of the book of Job. After walking through pages filled with sorrow, confusion, silence, and painful accusations from friends who misunderstood both Job andContinue reading “When God Saves the Best for Last”

When the Clouds Refuse to Leave

The Bible in a Year “Men see not the bright light which is in the clouds; but the wind passes, and cleanses them.” — Job 37:21 One of the hardest lessons in the Christian life is learning that clouds are not always signs of God’s absence. Job understood what it meant to live beneath darkContinue reading “When the Clouds Refuse to Leave”

Finding the Ransom

The Bible in a Year “He is gracious unto him, and saith, Deliver him from going down to the pit; I have found a ransom.” — Job 33:24 As we continue our journey through the Scriptures, we arrive at one of the unexpected Gospel glimpses hidden within the book of Job. These words were spokenContinue reading “Finding the Ransom”

When the Word Becomes More Necessary Than Bread

The Bible in a Year “Neither have I gone back from the commandment of his lips; I have esteemed the words of his mouth more than my necessary food.” Job 23:12 Job’s testimony in this verse carries unusual weight because it was spoken in suffering, not comfort. It is easier to praise the value ofContinue reading “When the Word Becomes More Necessary Than Bread”

天使论简史

基督教神学中较早系统讨论天使的著作,通常追溯到一位被称为“伪狄奥尼修斯”的作者。他真实身份已不可考,但他自称是《使徒行传》17:34中提到的那位狄奥尼修斯。由于这个身份似乎使他接近使徒时代,后来的教会传统便对他的著作给予相当高的信任与尊重。他关于天使最有影响力的作品是《天上圣统论》。在书中第六章,他提出天使有九个等级:第一等包括撒拉弗、基路伯和宝座;第二等包括主治的、掌权的和有权能的;第三等包括执政的、天使长和天使。他所使用的名称多来自圣经,但他对这些等级的排列和解释,却带有不少推测成分。他认为较低层次的天使,在某种意义上要透过较高层次的天使领受知识和光照,并以《撒迦利亚书》中天使之间的对话为例。这样的思想明显受到新柏拉图主义神秘哲学的影响,特别是“从至高者逐层流出”的观念。因此,可以说,圣经确实显示天使中有某种秩序和差别,但伪狄奥尼修斯对这些等级的详细说明,已经超出了圣经清楚启示的范围。 经过伪狄奥尼修斯的影响,中世纪神学长期把天使等级制度看作宇宙秩序的一部分。到了托马斯·阿奎那时期,他重新审视这些传统,并以亚里士多德的哲学架构来解释天使的本质。阿奎那认为,圣经中的天使应被理解为“分离实体”,也就是没有身体成分的纯灵性受造物。事实上,第四次拉特兰会议在1215年已经确认天使没有物质身体这一观念,而阿奎那的贡献,是试图用形而上学方式解释这种说法。他并没有完全否定伪狄奥尼修斯的体系,因为他十分谨慎,不愿轻易推翻被教会长期尊重的权威;不过,他更关心的不是天使诗班的排列,而是天使作为灵性存在者究竟具有什么性质。 对中世纪神学家来说,天使也成为思考“认识”和“意志”的重要对象。人的本性由灵魂与身体结合而成,较为复杂;天使则被认为是纯灵性的受造者,因此更适合用来讨论思想、选择、自由意志、知识与顺服等问题。就像科学实验会尽量减少变量,好更清楚地观察对象一样,中世纪的思想实验也常借天使来探讨灵性存在的运作方式。然而,这类讨论有时并不完全建立在经文释义上,而更多来自神学前提和哲学推论。因此,天使论在这一时期既有丰富的发展,也产生了不少超出圣经范围的猜测。 宗教改革时期,神学家对天使论的态度较为不同。马丁·路德认为,天使是“神所创造、没有身体的灵性受造物,为基督教和教会服务”。路德关注的重点,不在于复杂的等级体系,而在于天使和邪灵如何影响基督徒的生活。他相信信徒生活在属灵争战之中,魔鬼不断企图伤害、迷惑和毁坏人,但圣洁的天使也在神的差遣下保护信徒。这样的看法使天使论更贴近信徒日常生活,也提醒人不可把信仰简化为肉眼可见的层面。 约翰·加尔文则更加谨慎。他强调,在一切教义上都应保持谦卑和节制;对于神话语没有清楚启示的隐秘之事,不应随意猜测、断言,甚至过度追问。加尔文并不否认天使和邪灵的真实活动,因为圣经确实这样启示;但他反对把天使论建立在人的想象或传统权威之上。他特别批评那种过分依赖伪狄奥尼修斯文字的神学路线。对加尔文而言,天使论的目的不是满足人的好奇心,而是造就信徒,使人更敬畏神、更信靠神的话语。 进入现代以后,天使论在许多神学体系中逐渐受到怀疑。施莱尔马赫认为,关于天使存在的教义可以保留在基督教语言中,却不一定要求人必须对其真实性作出确定判断。换句话说,现代神学常把天使看作一种宗教表达,而不是必须认真处理的真实受造存在。不过,卡尔·巴特却不同。他在《教会教义学》中用了三百五十多页讨论天使,认为天使论是教义神学中“最特别、也最困难”的领域之一。巴特之所以重视这个主题,并不是因为他喜欢推测,而是因为圣经严肃地谈到天使与邪灵。他的重点是避免过去把天使混同于外来哲学观念,而要让圣经本身来规范我们的理解。 总体来说,无论历史上人们给予天使论多少关注,它始终属于创造论的重要部分。天使不是神,也不是人,而是神所造、服事神旨意的灵性存在。圣经让我们知道他们真实存在,也让我们知道他们在神的计划中有一定角色。但圣经并没有满足我们所有好奇。因此,健康的天使论应当同时坚持两点:第一,认真相信圣经所启示的天使;第二,谨慎拒绝超越圣经的推测。这样,天使论才不会变成玄秘幻想,而能帮助信徒更清楚地认识创造主的智慧、权柄与护理。